CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, NF3, HFCs, PFCs

The program covers the industrial and electricity sectors, as well as fuel suppliers (upstream coverage of transport and heating).

INCLUSION THRESHOLDS: For the industrial and electricity sectors, facilities generating ≥ 50,000 tCO2e/year. Electricity importers responsible for >10,000 tCO2e/year are also included. For fuel suppliers, the following thresholds apply: petroleum product suppliers selling ≥ 200 liters of fuel into the Nova Scotia market and natural gas distributors producing ≥ 10,000 tCO2e/year.

No provisions for voluntary (“opt-in”) participation.

CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, PFCs, NO3, and other fluorinated GHGs

FIRST COMPLIANCE PERIOD (2013-2014): Electricity, Industry.

SECOND COMPLIANCE PERIOD (2015-2017) AND THIRD COMPLIANCE PERIOD (2018-2020): Sectors of first compliance period as well as distribution and importation of fuels used for consumption in the transport and building sectors, and in small- and medium-sized businesses.

INCLUSION THRESHOLDS: >25,000 tCO2e/year. As of 2016, fuel distributors that have distributed 200L or more of fuel (in 2015) are also subject to inclusion even if the combustion of their fuel resulted in the emission of less than 25,000 tCO2e.

VOLUNTARY EMITTERS (OPT-IN COVERED ENTITIES): Starting in 2019, emitters from capped sectors that reported emissions between 10,000 tCO2e/year and 25,000 tCO2e/year may voluntarily register to the cap-and-trade system as a covered entity. If their production activity is eligible, they could receive free allocation.

CO2

Industrial and non-industrial companies and entities, including electricity providers, heating sector, cement, petrochemicals, other industrial enterprises, manufacturers, service sector, and public transport.

INCLUSION THRESHOLDS: 5,000 tCO2/year, considering both direct and indirect emissions.

MANDATORY REPORTING: 2,000 tce energy consumption/year.

CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6

Power, electrolytic aluminum, ferroalloys, calcium carbide, cement, caustic soda, and iron and steel.

INCLUSION THRESHOLDS:  20,000 tCO2/year or energy consumption 10,000 tce/year.

CO2

Electricity, petrochemical, chemical, building materials, iron and steel, nonferrous metals, paper, aviation, and ceramics.

INCLUSION THRESHOLDS: Energy consumption 10,000 tce/year for any year between 2013-2016.

In the future, the Fujian system may extend its coverage to smaller emitters, i.e., those with energy consumption of 5,000 tce or more.

CO2

Power, iron and steel, cement, papermaking, aviation, and petrochemicals.

INCLUSION THRESHOLDS: 20,000 tCO2/year or energy consumption 10,000 tce/year.

CO2

Power and heat supply, iron and steel, nonferrous metals, petrochemicals, chemicals, textile, cement, glass and other building materials, pulp and paper, ceramics, automobile and equipment manufacturing, food, beverage, and medicine producers, and water supply.

INCLUSION THRESHOLDS: Annual energy consumption more than 10,000 tce in any year between 2015 and 2017.
 
Until 2015: Annual energy consumption more than 60,000 tce in any year between 2010 and 2011.

CO2

Airports, domestic aviation, chemical fibers, chemicals, commercial, power and heat, water suppliers, hotels, financial, iron and steel, petrochemicals, ports, shipping, nonferrous metals, building materials, paper, railways, rubber, and textiles.

INCLUSION THRESHOLDS:
For power and industry: 20,000t CO2/year or 10,000 tce/year; and those that already participated in the 2013-2015 phase with 10,000 tCO2/year or 5,000 tce/year.

For Transport: 10,000t CO2/year or 5,000 tce/year (aviation and ports), 100,000t CO2/year or 50,000 tce/year (shipping), considering both direct and indirect emissions.

For Buildings: 10,000t CO2/year or 5,000 tce/year.

CO2

Power, water, gas, manufacturing sectors, buildings, port and subway sectors, public buses, and other non-transport sectors.

INCLUSION THRESHOLDS: Annual emissions of 3,000 tCO2e/year for enterprises; large public buildings and 10,000m2 for government buildings.

CO2

Heat and electricity production, iron and steel, petrochemicals, chemicals, and exploration for oil and gas. Papermaking, aviation, and building materials from 2019.

INCLUSION THRESHOLDS: 20,000t CO2/year considering both direct and indirect emissions.

CO2

Power sector (including combined heat and power, as well as captive power plants of other sectors).

The scope is expected to be gradually expanded to finally cover a total of eight sectors: petrochemical, chemical, building materials, steel, nonferrous metals, paper, and domestic aviation. There is no specific timeline for this expansion.

INCLUSION THRESHOLDS: Entities with annual emissions of ~26,000 tCO2 (energy consumption of more than 10,000 tce) in any year over the period 2013-2015.

CO2, N2O, PFCs

PHASE 1 (2005-2007): Power stations and other combustion installations with >20MW thermal rated input (except hazardous or municipal waste installations), industry (various thresholds) including oil refineries, coke ovens, and iron and steel plants, as well as production of cement, glass, lime, bricks, ceramics, pulp, paper, and board.

PHASE 2 (2008-2012): Aviation was introduced in 2012 (>10,000 tCO2/year for commercial aviation; >1,000 tCO2/year for non-commercial aviation since 2013) (see below). NOx emissions from the production of nitric acid were included by a number of countries. The EU ETS also expanded to include Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway.

PHASE 3 (2013-2020): Carbon capture and storage installations, production of petrochemicals, ammonia, nonferrous and ferrous metals, gypsum, aluminum, as well as nitric, adipic, and glyoxylic acid (various thresholds) were included.

PHASE 4 (2021-2030): Based on the current legislation, no changes to the scope have been agreed on for Phase 4.

Aviation: Emissions from international aviation were included in the EU ETS in 2012. In November 2012, the EU temporarily suspended enforcement of the EU ETS requirements for flights operating from or to non-EEA countries (“stop the clock”) while continuing to apply the legislation to flights within and between countries in the EEA. Exemptions for operators with low emissions have also been introduced.

In light of the progress made under the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) towards a global measure to reduce emissions from the aviation sector (the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme [CORSIA]), the EU will maintain the intra-EEA scope for the ETS Aviation until 31 December 2023. A further review and assessment will be carried out once there is clarity surrounding the content and nature of CORSIA, as well as the extent of participation by Europe’s international partners.

CO2

Consumption of fuels, heat, and electricity in commercial and industrial buildings

INCLUSION THRESHOLDS: Facilities that consume the energy equivalent of at least 1,500kL of crude oil per year.

CO2

Consumption of fuels, heat, and electricity in commercial and industrial buildings.

Building owners are subject to surrender obligations, but large tenants (floor space above 5000m2 or over six million kWh electricity usage per year) can assume obligations jointly or in place of building owners.

INCLUSION THRESHOLDS: Facilities that consume energy equivalent to at least 1,500kL of crude oil per year.

CO2

PHASE ONE (2013): Power sector and centralized heating. Extractive industries and manufacturing: oil and gas mining, metallurgy, chemical industry.
 
PHASE TWO (2014-2015): Same as Phase one.
(2016-2017: system suspended)
 
PHASE THREE (2018-2020): Power sector and centralized heating. Extractive industries and manufacturing: oil and gas mining, metallurgy, chemical and processing industry (production of building materials: cement, lime, gypsum, and brick).
 
THRESHOLDS: Facilities emitting more than 20,000 tCO2e/year.

CO2, CH4, N2O, PFCs, HFCs, SF6

PHASE ONE (2015-2017): 23 subsectors from the following five sectors: power, industry (e.g., iron and steel, petrochemical, cement, oil refinery, nonferrous metals, paper, textile, machinery, mining, glass, and ceramics), buildings, waste, and transportation (domestic aviation).

PHASE TWO (2018-2020): According to the Allocation Plan, the public and waste sectors are disaggregated such that the KETS covers the following six sectors: heat and power, industry, building, transportation, waste sector, and public. These sectors are disaggregated into 64 subsectors.

PHASE THREE (2021-2025): No changes to sectors and thresholds are currently foreseen for Phase 3. 

INCLUSION THRESHOLDS: company >125,000 tCO2/year, facility >25,000 tCO2/year

CO2

The pilot ETS will cover the energy and industrial sectors. The energy sector encompasses electricity generation, transmission, and distribution, as well as fossil fuel extraction, production, transport, and distribution.

The industry sector includes automobiles, cement, lime, chemical industry, food and beverages, glass, iron and steel, metallurgical, mining, petrochemicals, and pulp and paper, as well as other industrial subsectors generating direct CO2 emissions from stationary sources at or above the threshold.

The pilot ETS covers installations whose annual direct emissions from stationary sources amount to at least 100,000 tCO2.

CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, and PFCs

Sectors were gradually phased in over time.

2008: Forestry (mandatory: deforesting pre-1990 forest land; voluntary: post-1989 forest land).

2010: Stationary energy (various thresholds), industrial processing (various thresholds), and liquid fossil fuels (various thresholds).

2013: Waste (except for small and remote landfills) and synthetic GHGs (various thresholds). Synthetic GHGs not in the NZ ETS are subject to an equivalent levy.

Biological emissions from agriculture must be reported but face no surrender obligations. By 2025, a carbon price will be levied on agricultural emissions, at farm-level for livestock, and at processor level for fertilizer.

CO2, NO2, CH4, HFCs, NF3, SF6, and theoretically PFCs. (In principle, all these gases are covered in accordance with the ‘CO2 Ordinance.’ In practice, monitoring is required only for CO2, NO2, and PFCs, since their share is negligible.)

MANDATORY PARTICIPATION: Industries listed under Annex 6 of the revised ‘CO2 Ordinance’ must participate in the Swiss ETS. These include 25 categories, including companies from the cement, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, refineries, paper, district heating, steel, and other sectors. Since 2020, the ETS covers aviation (domestic and outbound flights to the EEA) and fossil-thermal power plants. 

INCLUSION THRESHOLDS: Facilities pertaining to the sectors included in Annex 6 that have a total rated thermal input of >20MW.
For aircraft operators, the same thresholds apply as in the EU ETS (see below).
 
POSSIBLE VOLUNTARY OPT-IN: Industries—listed under Annex 7 of the revised ‘CO2 Ordinance’ (21 activities)—with a total rated thermal input of ≥10MW. A company that fulfils the participation conditions must submit the application no later than six months from the date of fulfilment.

POSSIBLE OPT-OUT: Industries with a total rated thermal input of >20MW, but yearly emissions <25,000 tCO2e/year in each of the past three years. Should their future emissions rise above the threshold during at least one year, they must start participating in the ETS the following year and cannot opt out anymore for the remainder of the compliance period. New entrants can apply for an opt-out with immediate effect if they can credibly report their emissions to be below 25,000 tCO2e/year. 

AVIATION: Coverage of civil aviation (domestic flights within Switzerland or flights from Switzerland to member states of the EEA) is a requirement of the linking agreement between Switzerland and the EU.

The ETS covers commercial aircraft operators emitting more than 10,000 tCO2/year or operating more than 243 flights in a four-month period in the preceding year. Noncommercial operators are included when emitting more than 1,000 t/CO2 per year. The thresholds do not apply if the operator has obligations under the EU ETS.

CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, PFCs, NF3, and other fluorinated GHGs.

FIRST COMPLIANCE PERIOD (2013-2014):
Covered sectors include those that have one or more of the following processes or operations: large industrial facilities (including cement, glass, hydrogen, iron and steel, lead, lime manufacturing, nitric acid, petroleum and natural gas systems, petroleum refining, and pulp and paper manufacturing, including cogeneration facilities co-owned/operated at any of these facilities); electricity generation; electricity imports; other stationary combustion; and CO2 suppliers.

SINCE THE SECOND COMPLIANCE PERIOD (STARTING 2015): In addition to the sectors listed above, suppliers of natural gas, suppliers of reformulated blendstock for oxygenate blending (i.e., gasoline blendstock) and distillate fuel oil (i.e., diesel fuel), suppliers of liquid petroleum gas in California, and suppliers of liquefied natural gas.

INCLUSION THRESHOLDS: Facilities ≥25,000 tCO2e/data year.

CO2

Large electricity generators subject to RGGI (>= 25 MWe).

CO2

Fossil Fuel Electric Generating Units

INCLUSION THRESHOLDS: Capacity equal to or greater than 25 MW.

CO2

The CO2 price will be charged to fuel distributors and suppliers and applies to all fuels used in the transport sector and for heating purposes, e.g., fuel oil, LPG, natural gas, coal, gasoline, and diesel.

Initially, the system starts with a limited scope, e.g., coal (for heating) will be covered from 2023 onwards.