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Official name of scheme

USA - Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)

ETS Status

in force

Jurisdictions

Connecticut

Delaware

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

Rhode Island

Vermont

Start of operation (year)

2009

Sectoral coverage

Power

Allocation

Auctioning

Offsets and credits

Domestic (within RGGI states only), with quantitative limits

Cap

69 million short tons CO2 or 63 MtCO2 (2024)

GHGs covered

CO2

Average auction price

USD 18.06

Total revenue since beginning

USD 8.6 billion

Total revenue

USD 1.5 billion

General Information

The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) launched in 2009 and is the first mandatory GHG ETS in the United States. It started operating with ten states (Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont). RGGI’s development was based on the “2005 RGGI Memorandum of Understanding” (MOU) and on the “2006 RGGI Model Rule”. Through statutes or regulations based on the Model Rule, each state then established individual CO₂ budget trading programs. New Jersey withdrew from RGGI at the end of the first phase, or “control period” (see ‘Compliance’ section), in December 2011 and later rejoined in 2020. Virginia joined RGGI in 2021 but left in 2023.*

RGGI covers power sector emissions in participating states. In 2020, it covered around 14% of the aggregate participant states’ emissions; in 2021, 228 facilities were covered by the state regulations. The aggregate cap will decrease by 30% compared to 2020 between 2021 and 2030. Under the ETS, covered entities must surrender allowances for all their covered emissions. Covered entities obtain most of their allowances through regular auctions, while some states have “set-aside” accounts from which they may transfer a limited number of allowances to entities’ compliance accounts.

RGGI has undergone two review processes that updated the Model Rule and enshrined tighter caps and adjustments to system design. RGGI’s third review process is currently ongoing.

* A Virgina county circuit court deemed the state’s RGGI exit unlawful in November 2024, casting uncertainty over the state’s official withdrawal.

The RGGI states initiated the Third Program Review in summer 2021 to analyze the program’s successes, impacts, potential additional reductions to the cap post-2030, and other design elements.

In September 2024, the RGGI states released a new exploratory scenario with a higher annual base cap reduction from 2027 to 2033, aligned with a zero-by-2035 cap trajectory, with the trajectory decline lessening to a zero-by-2040 decline rate between 2033 and 2037. The scenario also proposed increasing the cost containment reserve (CCR) to 10.66 MtCO₂ (11.75 million short tons CO₂) annually, with an additional CCR of the same size available at a higher trigger price.

The RGGI states received stakeholder feedback on the latest exploratory scenario in October 2024, and Model Rule updates are ongoing.

Virginia repealed its CO₂ Budget Trading Program following executive action started by the state’s administration in 2022 and thus stopped participating in RGGI in December 2023. However, a Virgina county circuit court in November 2024 deemed the repeal unlawful by, casting uncertainty over the state’s official withdrawal.

Power

Emissions & Targets

717.7 MtCO₂e (2022)*

* This value includes Virginia but not Pennsylvania. Values presented here are taken from the “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks by State” by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, available here), aggregated for the RGGI states. While each state publishes official inventory data and the values published by the EPA should not be viewed as official state data, the EPA estimates are presented here to ensure the methodological consistency of data collection and aggregation for inventory categories across RGGI states, as well as to ensure a common reporting year in the data. There may be differences between the EPA estimates and the official state inventories.

By 2030: 30% reduction in power sector emissions compared to the 2020 CO₂ emissions cap (“2017 Model Rule”)

Note: Participating states have their own emission targets; economy-wide targets are not defined at the level of RGGI.

Average auction price: USD 18.06

Size & Phases

98.10MtCO₂e

CO2

FIRST PHASE: Three years (2009 to 2011)

SECOND PHASE: Three years (2012 to 2014)

THIRD PHASE: Three years (2015 to 2017)

FOURTH PHASE: Three years (2018 to 2020)

FIFTH PHASE: Three years (2021 to 2023)

SIXTH PHASE: Three years (2024 to 2026)

A cap limits the total emissions allowed in the system. A cap trajectory until 2030 has been set.

Phases in RGGI are also known as “control periods”.

PHASE 1: 564 million short tons CO₂ or 512 MtCO₂ (188 million short tons CO₂ or 171 MtCO₂per year)

PHASE 2: 413 million short tons CO₂ or 374 MtCO₂

2012 and 2013: 165 million short tons CO₂ or 150 MtCO₂per year

2014: 83 million short tons CO₂ or 75 MtCO₂

PHASE 3: 194 million short tons CO₂ or 176 MtCO₂

2015:67 million short tons CO₂ or 61 MtCO₂

2016:65 million short tons CO₂ or 59 MtCO₂

2017:62 million short tons CO₂ or 57 MtCO₂

PHASE 4: 193 million short tons CO₂ or 175 MtCO₂

2018:60 million short tons CO₂ or 55 MtCO₂

2019:58 million short tons CO₂ or 53 MtCO₂

2020:74 million short tons CO₂ or 67 MtCO₂

PHASE 5:* 291 million short tons CO₂ or 264 MtCO₂

2021:101 million short tons CO₂ or 91 MtCO₂

2022:97 million short tons CO₂ or 88 MtCO₂

2023:93 million short tons CO₂ or 85 MtCO₂

PHASE 6:**

2024: 69 million short tons CO₂ or 63 MtCO₂

By 2012, verified emissions under RGGI were more than 40% below the cap, so the states tightened the cap in 2014. There was a 2.5% annual reduction factor from 2015 through 2018. The revised regulations extended the 2.5% annual reduction factor through 2020.

The RGGI states further adjusted the caps between 2014 and 2020 to account for banked CO₂ allowances from the first and second phases. The annual reduction factor between 2021 and 2030 as set out in the 2017 Model Rule is ~3% of the 2020 cap.

The caps above include New Jersey from 2020 and Virginia from 2021, but the latter only until 2023.

* These values do not include Pennsylvania.

** These values do not include Pennsylvania nor Virginia.

SECTORS: Fossil fuel electric generating units (i.e., fossil fuel-fired stationary boilers, combustion turbines, or combined cycle systems). Sources include governmental, institutional, commercial, or industrial structures, installations, plants, buildings, or facilities that emit or have the potential to emit any air pollutant that include one or more units.

INCLUSION THRESHOLDS: Most RGGI states cover units with capacity equal to or greater than 25 MW.

In New York, since January 2021, the program applies to power plants that have nameplate capacity equal to or above 15 MW and reside at a covered generating unit or near two or more units of the same source.

Point source (power sector)

222 (current control period)

Allowance Allocation & Revenue

Auctioning: CO₂ allowances issued by each RGGI state are distributed through quarterly auctions. States hold a limited amount in “set-aside” accounts and distribute them according to state-specific regulations.

Of the 69.4 million 2024 allowances (after the adjustment for banked allowances), 91% were sold at auction. The remainder were either transferred from state set-aside accounts, retired, or remained in set-aside accounts. No offset allowances were awarded. Additionally, 8.4 million allowances were sold from the cost containment reserve (see ‘Market Stability Provisions’ section).

USD 8.6 billion since the beginning of the program

USD 1.5 billion in 2024

Revenues from the quarterly auctions are returned to the RGGI states and have been primarily invested in the following consumer benefit programs: energy efficiency, direct bill assistance, beneficial electrification, GHG abatement, and clean and renewable energy. A report released in July 2024 found that the direct lifetime benefits of RGGI investments made in 2022 are projected to avoid 7.5 million short tons of CO₂ (6.8 MtCO₂) and return approximately USD 1.8 billion in lifetime energy bill savings to 246,000 households and over 2,600 businesses that participated in programs funded by RGGI proceeds.

The distribution of RGGI investments in 2022 was: energy efficiency (49%); direct bill assistance (21%); beneficial electrification* (14%); clean and renewable energy (7%); and GHG abatement and climate change adaptation** (3%).

* Programs implementing or facilitating replacement of fossil fuel use with electric power.

** Diverse programs, including the promotion of technology, research, and development programs, climate change policy research, coastal resilience, and flood preparedness programs.

Flexibility & Linking

Banking is allowed without restrictions. Current regulations include provisions to adjust the cap to address the aggregate bank, so that allowances available for auction are reduced by the number of allowances not used for compliance in previous control periods (see also ‘Cap’ section above). The RGGI states are currently implementing the third adjustment for banked allowances, which runs until 2025. As part of the RGGI review process, the states are considering whether to address or adjust for banked allowances into the future if a bank of surplus allowances remains in circulation after 2025.

Borrowing is not allowed.

The use of offsets is allowed.

53,506 offset allowances have been awardedduring RGGI’s time of operation, all of which were from a 2017 landfill methane capture and destruction project.

QUALITATIVE LIMIT: Currently, the program allows offset credits from three offset types located in RGGI states:

landfill methane capture and destruction;
sequestration of carbon due to reforestation, improved forest management, or avoided conversion; and
avoidance of methane emissions from agricultural manure management operations.

Some states have discontinued specific offset protocols, but all accept offset allowances issued by any participating state. To date, only one offset project (landfill methane capture and destruction) has been approved under RGGI.

QUANTITATIVE LIMIT: 3.3% of an entity’s liability may be covered by offset credits. This share will remain unchanged between 2021 and 2030.

Between the first and the fourth control periods (2009 to 2020), no CO₂ offset allowances were deducted. As of the 2022 interim compliance summary report, no CO₂ offset allowances had been deducted in the fifth control period (2021 to 2023).

RGGI is a cooperative effort between participating states. Each state establishes an individual CO₂ budget trading program based on the RGGI Model Rule. Covered sources in each participating state can surrender allowances issued by any participating state for compliance and participating states use joint auctions.

State-level ETS: Massachusetts Limits on Emissions from Electricity Generators

State-level ETSs are also being considered or developed in the following RGGI states: Maryland, New York, Vermont

Domestic crediting mechanism: RGGI Crediting Mechanism

Compliance

Three years.

Compliance is evaluated at the end of each three-year phase (control period). From the third phase, covered entities must surrender allowances corresponding to 50% of their verified emissions in each of the first two years of a phase. They must cover 100% of the remaining allowances at the end of the three-year phase.

As part of the third RGGI review process, RGGI states are considering whether to modify the control period so that covered entities need to surrender allowances for 100% of their regulated emissions every year.

MONITORING: Operators must comply with all monitoring and recordkeeping requirements laid out in the Model Rule.

REPORTING: CO₂ monitoring reports must be submitted quarterly.

VERIFICATION: Emission data reports and their underlying data are required to undergo periodic quality assurance and quality control procedures in accordance with US Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) regulations.

FRAMEWORK: Emissions data are recorded in the US EPA’s Clean Air Markets Division database in accordance with state CO₂ budget trading program regulations and agency regulations. Provisions are based on the US EPA monitoring provisions. Data are then automatically transferred to the electronic platform of the RGGI CO₂ Allowance Tracking System (COATS), which is publicly accessible.

In cases of excess emissions (i.e., if entities do not surrender all required allowances by the deadline), allowances equivalent to three times the amount of excess emissions must be surrendered. Furthermore, covered entities may also be subject to specific penalties imposed by the RGGI state where it is located.

Market Regulation

MARKET PARTICIPATION: Compliance entities, non-compliance entities (domestic and international), and individuals can participate if they provide a financial security.

MARKET TYPES:

Primary: Most CO₂ allowances issued by each RGGI state are distributed through quarterly regional auctions. The RGGI COATS records and tracks data for each state’s CO₂budget trading program, including the transfer of allowances offered for sale by the states and purchased by the winning qualified bidders in the quarterly auctions. Auctions are open to all parties with financial security, with a maximum bid of 25% of the volume on offer per sale. There is no allowance holding limit. Auctions are managed by Enel X.

Secondary: The secondary market for RGGI CO₂ allowances comprises the trading of physical allowances and financial derivatives, including futures, forwards, call options, and put options. RGGI COATS facilitates participation in the secondary market and enables the public to view and download RGGI data and CO₂ allowance market activity reports. Financial derivatives are traded on the ICE platform.

Potomac Economics, an independent market monitor, monitors the performance and efficiency of the RGGI CO₂ allowance auctions and the secondary CO₂ allowance market.

LEGAL STATUS OF ALLOWANCES: The RGGI Model Rule specifies that allowances are limited authorizations by the participating state’s regulatory agencies to emit up to one short ton of CO₂.

AUCTION PRICE FLOOR

Instrument type: Price-based instrument

Functioning: Auctions have a price floor of USD 2.62 per short ton in 2025, increasing by 2.5% per year (to reflect inflation).

COST CONTAINMENT RESERVE (CCR)

Instrument type: Price-based instrument

Functioning: Since 2014, RGGI has operated with a CCR, consisting of a number of allowances in addition to the cap held in reserve and only released to the market if certain trigger prices are reached. Beginning in 2021, allowances provided within the CCR are equal to 10% of the regional cap. The trigger price is USD 17.03 in 2025 and increases by 7% per year. It had previously increased by 2.5% annually between 2017 and 2020, from a starting value of USD 10.

The CCR was triggered in 2014 and 2015, when all 15 million allowances it contained were sold. The CCR was also triggered in the last quarterly auction of 2021, where 3.9 million of the available 11.9 million allowances were sold. It was triggered again in the final auction of 2023, with 5.6 million of the 11.2 million CCR units on offer sold. The CCR was also triggered in March 2024, when all 8.4 million allowances it contained were sold.

EMISSIONS CONTAINMENT RESERVE (ECR)

INSTRUMENT TYPE: Price-based instrument

Functioning: In 2021, RGGI started implementing an ECR, which withholds allowances from auction if certain trigger prices are reached, up to an annual withholding limit of 10% of the emission budgets (i.e., the share of each state in the regional cap) of participating states. Allowances withheld will not be re-offered for sale, effectively adjusting the cap downward. In 2025, the trigger price is USD 7.86, increasing by 7% per year. Maine and New Hampshire are not participating in the ECR.

Other Information

Statutory and/or regulatory authority of each RGGI state: Each state implements the program under its particular statutory authority.

Environmental and energy agencies for each RGGI state: Agencies implementing the respective CO₂ budget trading programs.

RGGI Inc.: Non-profit cooperative supporting RGGI’s development and implementation. This includes engaging contractors for various tasks such as allowance and emissions tracking, market monitoring, and management of the auctions.

Potomac Economics: Monitors the conduct of market participants in the auctions and in the secondary market to identify indications of anti-competitive conduct.

Enel X: Manages the auctions.

The RGGI participating states periodically review the ETS to consider program successes, impacts, and design elements. The first program review process (known as the 2012 Program Review) was completed in early 2013. A second review process was completed in 2017, resulting in the 2017 Model Rule. Program reviews were accompanied by stakeholder meetings and the submission of comments from interested parties.

The RGGI states initiated the third review in summer 2021 to analyze program successes, impacts, potential additional reductions to the cap post-2030, and other design elements. The review is ongoing.

2017 RGGI Model Rule

2017 RGGI Model Rule Updates (Summary)

RGGI States’ Statutes & Regulations

RGGI Program Design

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