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Canada - New Brunswick Output-Based Pricing System

ETS Status
in force
Jurisdictions
New Brunswick
Start of operation (year)
2021
Sectoral coverage
Mining and extractives
Industry
Power
Allocation
Free Allocation (Output-based Benchmarking)
Cap or total emissions limit
6.7 MtCO2e (2024)
GHGs covered
CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, PFCs
Set price
CAD 95 (USD 67.95)
Total revenue since beginning
CAD 39.4 million (USD 28.2 million)
Total revenue
CAD 21 million (USD 15.1 million)

General Information

New Brunswick transitioned large industrial emitters from the federal output-based pricing system (OBPS) to a provincial OBPS from January 2021. This OBPS is established under the “Climate Change Act” and the “Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Regulation” and seeks to deliver incremental GHG emissions reductions at the lowest cost to industry, while supporting low-carbon growth and investment, minimizing carbon leakage, ensuring fairness, and providing clarity, administrative efficiency, accountability, and transparency. It is an intensity-based ETS in which each covered entity must surrender compliance units for emissions that exceed the facility’s annual emissions limit. The annual emissions limits are based on emissions intensity benchmarks, which are derived from historical emissions and production data. The system applies to the same sectors and GHGs as the federal system, and follows the same price trajectory, rising CAD 15 (USD 10.73) each year until 2030, resulting in a price of CAD 170 (USD 121.60*) per tCO2e in 2030. The price for the 2026 compliance is CAD 110 (USD 78.68).

 

*USD conversion based on 2025 IMF exchange rate; actual future exchange rates may differ.

New Brunswick published a new version of “The Reporting and Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standard” in May 2025. This version contains a new section on the reporting of renewable natural gas for the purpose of calculating the total regulated emissions; an expanded definition of accredited verification bodies; and the requirement for entities to use IPCC Fifth Assessment Report Global Warming Potential values starting from their 2025 emissions data.
 

Mining and extractives
Industry
Power

Emissions & Targets

11.5 MtCO2e (2023)

By 2030: 46% reduction below 2005 levels (“New Brunswick’s Climate Change Action Plan”)

By 2050: Net-zero emissions (New Brunswick’s Climate Change Action Plan)

Set price: CAD 95 (USD  67.95)

Size & Phases

6.20MtCO2e
CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, PFCs

The New Brunswick OBPS is not divided into phases, but compliance periods of one year each.

The total emission limit under the New Brunswick OBPS changes as a function of production (output) and is determined bottom-up: it is the sum of the annual emissions limits based on emissions intensity benchmarks for all individual covered entities. The limit is therefore not set ex-ante and is only known after the compliance period ends. It doesn’t represent an absolute cap.

The emissions limit is set for each facility (see ‘Allowance Allocation’ section for details).

SECTORS: Power, industry, mining and extractives

INCLUSION THRESHOLDS: Coverage is mandatory for facilities with emissions of at least 50,000 tCO2e/year. Smaller emitters (emitting at least 10,000 tCO2e/year) may also be covered by the system, on an opt-in basis.

Point source (power, industry, mining and extractives)

15 (2024), including seven voluntary opt-in market participants

Allowance Allocation & Revenue

Allocation is determined in relation to annual emissions limits based on emissions intensity benchmarks. Entities that emit less than their emissions limit receive compliance units (called “performance credits”), free of charge, corresponding to the number of tCO2e below the limit. This is similar to free allocation based on benchmarks. These compliance units can be sold to entities that emit more than their emissions limits (see ‘Market Design’ for more details). 

The emissions limit is set for each facility and is determined based on its emissions intensity in a baseline period (except for electricity generators), the performance standard reduction factors (or for their fuel, for electricity generators) for a given reduction period, and the level of production in the same reduction period. The emissions limit is increased for regulated facilities with on-site cogeneration units which use a large proportion of energy from biomass, and for entities at high carbon leakage risk (specifically lime manufacturing). Captured and stored CO2 emissions are excluded from the total regulated emissions of the regulated facility.

In 2023, the government developed and implemented a New Brunswick OBPS Industry Fund, as an additional stream of the New Brunswick Climate Change Fund, which returns proceeds collected from fund credit transactions to New Brunswick OBPS participants to support GHG emission reduction projects. All proceeds are allocated via a merit-based process.

The Climate Change Fund annually publishes information on the projects that have been awarded funding by the Minister of Environment and Climate Change for a given fiscal year (see ‘Regulatory Framework’ section for details). The list of funded projects for 2025 and 2026, as of May 2025, includes 56 projects led by 12 different departments or organizations for a total value of CAD 58.4 million (USD 41.8 million). These include three projects led by the Department of Agriculture, Aquaculture and Fisheries for CAD 1 million (USD 0.7 million), four led by the Department of Energy for CAD 24.4 million (USD 17.5 million), five led by the Department of Natural Resources for CAD 2.6 million (USD 1.9  million), and two led by the Department of Post-Secondary Education, Training and Labour for CAD 1.7 million (USD 1.2 million), among others.

Flexibility & Linking

Banking is allowed for performance credits for up to seven years.

Borrowing is not allowed.

The use of offset credits is not allowed as a compliance option in the initial years of the system. However, section 10(1)(c.5)(iii) of the Act provides that the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may make regulations respecting compliance options, which are defined in section 1 of the Act as fund credits, performance credits, offset credits, and other types of credits prescribed by regulation.

The New Brunswick OBPS is not linked with any other system.

None

Compliance

One year. Compliance reports are due by December 15 of the year following the compliance period.

FRAMEWORK: The rules for reporting GHG emissions are outlined in New Brunswick’s “Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Regulation” and “Reporting and Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standard”.

MONITORING: Sections 7.2 and 7.21 of the Climate Change Act sets a monitoring and reporting threshold for industrial facilities that emit 10,000 tCO2e or more per year. Section 4.1 of the Reporting and Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standard specifies that reports submitted by facilities regulated under the OBPS need to be consistent in scope and methodology with the emissions reporting requirements established by Environment and Climate Change Canada in the notice with respect to reporting of greenhouse gases for 2020. GHG estimation methods include monitoring or direct measurement, mass balance, emission factors, and engineering estimates.

REPORTING: GHG emissions reports must be submitted by the beginning of June of the year following the reporting period. The Baseline Emissions Intensity submissions must include, among others, a simplified process flow diagram that provides an overview of the processes that produce all quantified sources of regulated emissions at the regulated facility, a list of all major sources of regulated emissions, all regulated emissions (reported by regulated source and by fuel type), and total units of production for each proposed product produced at the regulated facility for each baseline year. The GHG emissions reports must also contain, among others, a list of all major sources of emissions, all emissions, reported by regulated source category and by fuel type, and the total units of product for each product produced at the regulated facility.

VERIFICATION: Reports must be verified by an accredited verification team. Verification bodies need to be accredited to the ISO Standard 14065 by the Standards Council of Canada, the ANSI National Accreditation Board, or any other accreditation organization that is a member of the International Accreditation Forum. The verification reports must include, among other things, an assessment of the facility’s data management systems and quality assurance systems, an assessment of the data reported by the facility, a summary of the findings, all corrections undertaken at the facility during verification, and aspects that can be improved to minimize the risk of future material findings.

Covered entities that fail to fulfill a compliance obligation must pay the unfulfilled amount with interest at a rate set out in the New Brunswick Regulation 84-247 under the “Revenue Administration Act” (currently ~0.76% per month compounded monthly or 9.5% per year). All revenue from interest payments goes into the New Brunswick Climate Change Fund.

If a compliance credit is retired and later found to be invalid, the covered entity must fulfill the compliance obligation within 60 days of receiving notice of the invalid credit.

Administrative penalties are laid out in the “Administrative Penalties Regulation Act” (New Brunswick Regulation 2021-44 under the Climate Change Act). Administrative penalties are set at CAD 1,000 (USD 715) for first time violations, CAD 5,000 (USD 3,577) for second time violations, and CAD 10,000 (USD 7,153) for third and subsequent violations.

Market Regulation

MARKET PARTICIPATION: Compliance entities, including mandatorily and voluntarily covered entities (for inclusion thresholds see ‘Sectors and Thresholds’ section.)

MARKET TYPES:

Primary: Compliance units are currently not auctioned. 

Secondary: Covered entities may purchase performance credits (compliance units) from other covered entities that have outperformed their compliance obligation. Transactions are conducted via a registry that is managed by the Minister of Environment and Climate Change.

CLIMATE CHANGE FUND

Instrument type: Set price or set price trajectory (akin to a price ceiling)

Functioning: Covered entities can purchase and surrender credits from New Brunswick’s Climate Change Fund to compensate for emissions exceeding performance limits. The price of the credits is aligned with the federal minimum carbon price (CAD 95, or USD 67.95, in 2025). The price increases by CAD 15 (USD 10.73) each year until 2030, resulting in a price of CAD 170 (USD 121.60*) per tCO2e in 2030. A covered entity cannot obtain more fund credits than required to fulfill its compliance obligation for a compliance period. As such, fund credits cannot be banked.


*USD conversion based on 2025 IMF exchange rate; actual future exchange rates may differ.

Other Information

New Brunswick Department of Environment and Local Government: Responsible for reviewing and implementing the regulatory framework in New Brunswick. Manages the operation of the Climate Change Fund.

New Brunswick Minister of Finance and Treasury Board: Custodian of the Climate Change Fund.

The Minister of Environment and Climate Change will undertake the revision of New Brunswick’s Climate Change Act every five years or at any shorter interval that the Minister considers appropriate.

Climate Change Act

Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Regulation (Regulation 2021-43 under the Climate Change Act)

Administrative Penalties Regulation (Regulation 2021-44 under the Climate Change Act)

Reporting and Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standard

Performance Credit Standard

New Brunswick Regulation 84-247 under the Revenue Administration Act

CCF Project descriptions for the fiscal year 2024-2025

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